Mr. Lee Gun Hee

Presentation Current and future pioneers will produce heaps of extremely valuable business techniques and other demonstrated business insider facts by examining the life of Lee Gun Hee. The investigation centers around the life of Lee Gun Hee was a man of his words. The exploration fixated on his life of making Samsung the main item on the planet. He was fruitful in this endeavor.Advertising We will compose a custom exploration paper test on Mr. Lee Gun Hee explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The exploration fixates on Lee Gun Hee as an instrument in the transformation of the Samsung brand from a nearby Korean business venture to the world’s number 1 hardware organization. The examination on the initiative style of Lee Gun Hee is valuable to current and future pioneers in all businesses, particularly those wandering into the soaked universe of the inn and café ventures. Mr. Lee Gun Hee’s Beginnings Lee Gun Hee is the executive of Samsung Electronics. He graduated with a financial aspects confirmation. The executive sought after his Master in Business Administration course at George Washington University profound inside the limits of the United States in 1966. He couldn't complete his master’s course. During that year, Lee Gun Hee was chosen to be an individual from the lofty International Olympic Committee. Regarding family foundation, he is one of the offspring of Samsung’s originator, Lee Byungâ€Chull. Forbes included Lee Gun Hee as perhaps the most extravagant man of the world. Lee Gun Hee was indicted for pay off. Lee Gun Hee gladly acknowledged all obligation as one of the officials of Samsung Company. Lee Gun Hee and requested absolution for the disasters he coordinated to create more Samsung item incomes and requesting pardoning as he left Samsung. Thusly, Lee Gun Hee was imprisoned for his interest in the Samsun Slush subsidize outrage. Subsequent to being discharged from Jail, Lee Gun Hee came back to Samsung as its director to bring back Samsung to its previous platform as the maker of a standout amongst other gadgets brands on the planet. To achieve this errand, Lee Gun Hee employed the best personalities in South Korea. To guarantee the proceeded with authority on the planet gadgets industry, Lee Gun Hee employed the best promoting, money, the board, and monetary personalities from around the globe. Mr. Lee Gun Hee as a Stalwart in the Global Electronics Industry Chris Rowley (1) underlined Lee Gun Hee is one of the stalwarts in the busines business in South Korea. Lee Gun Hee possessed just 1.8 percent of the Samsung stocks. Hundai vehicle proprietor, Chung Joo Youg, claimed 12.1 percent of Samsun. Lee Gun Hee some time ago claimed 26.55 percent of Samsung. He decreased his offers to just 1.8 percent without changing his controlling offer in organization. He didn't move his unique position to different administrators of Samsung.Advertising Looking for research paper on busine ss financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This unmistakably shows stock possession rate doesn't influence the control or the board of the organization. It was standard in South Korea for the chaebol officials, similar to Lee Gun Hee, to control Samsung, regardless of their stock possession (51). The accomplishment of Lee Gun Hee’s the executives style is grounded on enhancement, substantial dependence on outer wellsprings of assets and forceful interest in unknown or new market portions. The Korean market structure centers around solid state â€business relations. The solid Korean state â€business relationship that hastened to the guideline of the market carry phenomenal benefit and suitability to Samsung and other Korean organizations. The Korean state controlled the variety of associations among the Korean business associations. The Korean state’s control of the Korean business associations has carried monetary accomplishment to the Korean organizations, the network, and the state. The states control incorporates money related guidelines, framework, structures, and developments in the persistently changing Korean monetary scene through particular treatment for at least one Korean gatherings of business portions. The state controls the credit arrangements contracted between the loan bosses and the business association borrowers. The Korean business picture portrays high broadening examples and the support of high obligation to value proportions. The Korean business atmosphere is portrayed as expansion and simple access to banks to hasten high obligation to value proportions. Enhancement is a vital prerequisite for banks to favor the business organizations’ advance applications. In particular, Samsung’s broadening proportion is 75 percent. Further, Jake Plunketter (1) conjectured Lee Gun Hee, bad habit administrator of Samsung in 1978 when his dad, Lee Byun g-Chull was one of the significant proprietors of Samsung. The dad delegated his third child, lee firearm hee, as his replacement to deal with the administration of Samsung. In any case, Lee Gun Hee just possessed a 0.45 percent of the company’s stocks. In 1995, the child kept up power over Samsung eight years after his dad passed on. Lee Gun Hee transformed the Samsung aggregate from its humble spearheading status, under his dad, to the current change-based administration style. Lee Gun Hee was instrumental in making Samsung the biggest endeavor in South Korea and a world-class exchanging association. Lee Gun Hee was vital in changing the Samsung association from its 70 years of spearheading status to turning into a cutting edge politically influential nation in the hardware and other related undertakings. Lee Gun Hee independently coordinated the new pursuits into the aviation, hereditary qualities, and large scale particle ventures. Other Samsung lead ventures under Lee Gu n Hee remembered inventive items for the hardware, semiconductor, and correspondence advertise segments.Advertising We will compose a custom exploration paper test on Mr. Lee Gun Hee explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Lee Gun Hee set the organization’s fundamental objective to be a world-class family electronic machines and correspondence items supplier. Lee Gun Hee founded enthusiastic changes to get a huge piece of the worldwide business portion. Lee Gun Hee fundamental administration methodology was to ingrain self â€discipline among the line and staff. Thus, Samsung’s dynamic techniques bloomed to extraordinary overall productivity, viability, and gainfulness levels. Korean workers were sent to places far and wide to deal with the Samsung branches. In particular, Lee Gun Hee advanced 217 individuals and moved 38 and 17 innovation and globalization specialists to creation and organization offices around the globe. As far as the board style, Le e Gun Hee stressed the significance of decentralization. Decentralization was a demonstrated accomplishment following five years of its difficult usage. In 1988, one year after Lee Gun Hee took the outfit of the Samsung Corporation from his father’s passing, deals had soar to 20,100 billion won. The marketing projection created a 341.1 billion won benefit. To be increasingly compelling, Jean Lee (364) proposed Lee Gun Hee visited the nations to actually deal with each Samsun branch and address Samsung workers around the globe in 1993. He by and by changed the mentality of every worker to be internationally serious. In a U.S. meeting with its branch line staff, Lee Gun Hee stressed that the old Samsung had kicked the bucket in 1986 (passing of his dad). The new Samsung picture is to be top notch in the creation, administration, and showcasing of its overall items. As per Roberto Gomez (713) stressed there are a few factors that impact the control force applied by café chief o n their staff. The executives is regularly severe as far as quality help in the neighborliness business. The cordiality business incorporates serving the clients’ needs in the lodging, eatery, and other related organizations. Management’s control force is more prominent between the reviews done at customary stretches. Regularly, there is an association between administration quality and number of customers frequenting the eatery, inns, or related offices. All the more explicitly, there is typically more administration control in ventures where the majority of the customers once in a while return for a subsequent serving or booking. Client fluctuation is an extremely mind boggling matter in the administration business. The specialist organizations will remain to lose loads of returning customers if their administrations are discovered needing. As per Bronwen Cowie (47) there are four kinds of client viabilities. The sorts are appearance changeability, demand fluctuation , capacity inconstancy, exertion fluctuation, inconstancy in subject preference.Advertising Searching for research paper on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More What's more, the exploration showed there are four classes of client fluctuation. They are exemplary decrease, ease convenience, positive decrease. The investigation directs the neighborliness business players must concentrate to the unfulfilled administrations gave to guarantee more incomes from a similar market fragment. There various initiative qualities. Bronwen Cowie (47) demands another exploration led shows that administration had been found to assume a pivotal job in making a huge change in the associations cosmetics. The initiative is the sole privilege of the named pioneers. A portion of the individuals may go about as pioneers during times when the pioneer is at a lost. Subsequently, the pioneer moves toward the subordinates to help contribute the achievement of the whole association. The subordinate’s mastery in one feature of the accommodation the board might be a valuable device in expanding the need the designated leaders’ aptitude. Le

How to Write an Executive Summary For Research Paper

How to Write an Executive Summary For Research PaperWriting an executive summary for a research paper is one of the most difficult tasks. It is because you have to get in the mind of the reader, which is not as easy as it sounds. You have to put your research paper together in such a way that readers would be able to read it easily and efficiently. Here are a few tips on how to do that.The first thing you need to do is organize your summary. In this part of the document, you have to make it concise and to the point. Make it as short as possible to fit the needs of the research paper. Make sure that it does not drag on longer than you want it to. By doing this, the reader will know immediately what it is all about.Next, prepare your summary in such a way that the reader will be able to find something in it that he is looking for. This can help them to understand what the whole study was about. They can also identify with the main idea of the whole paper without having to read everythi ng about each part.It is also important that you mention all the details of the research paper. Be sure to mention all the research findings and methods used. This will help readers identify with your research as well as why it was conducted in the first place.In writing an executive summary for a research paper, you have to stay focused and open minded. You should know all the details of the paper without being judgmental or prejudiced. When you use judgment, you might make yourself sound like a biased researcher. On the other hand, prejudiced research implies that you think the way the people who did the research thinks and are prejudiced in their belief that there is something wrong with the other view.Don't forget to add in a summary at the end of the document. Use a word processor or write it out yourself. Make sure that you get your points across clearly. You must have all your facts in your summary because your readers will need it in the next part of the document.Add in your summary in the beginning or at the end of the document. You can also make a split page and start your article there. This is to keep readers reading the document until they reach the summary.Putting the details of the research in your summary is one of the most important part of the paper. This is where you present the key results of the research so that the reader can understand the research in a better manner. Use your summary to solve any question the reader may have and you will make a good impression on the reader.

Business Law, Policy, and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Law, Policy, and Ethics - Essay Example It is essential to set up the site appropriately in order to secure the business (for instance, by guaranteeing that your terms are acknowledged before exchanges continue to contract arrangement), and to follow the law. Betty was eager to purchase BMWS from Andrew along these lines why she talked about costs and different alternatives with Andrew. Betty said needed 12 vehicles top of the range and the following day Andrew called Betty leaving a message on Betty's phone answer machine offering to sell the vehicles for $ 38,000 each .all together for a proposal to be an enforceable agreement, certain fundamental necessities must be available. There must be an understanding dependent on authentic show of the gatherings upheld by thought and made for a legal article between skilled gatherings. (Hussain pg 114, 2002). An offer might be aphorism of mouth recorded as a hard copy or by direct. After the conversation among Betty and Andrew the Later consented to sell the BMWS at $ 38,000 every which was imparted to Betty. The second an individual express his acknowledgment of an offer the exact second the agreement is finished up and doesn't make a difference whether the acknowledgment is precept of mouth or in witting. An agreement is finished just when acknowledgment is really imparted to the offer. Betty acknowledged to purchase the $ 38,000 through an email she sent to her own help (Carol) who sent it to Andrew. For this case the agreement of the deal became restricting quickly the email of acknowledgment from Betty was sent to Andrew. Hymn was Betty's own help and she went about as a specialist to her. Her office was made through an organization by need. Law may give a power where an operator acted by reason and authentic crisis with the end goal of securing his primary's merchandise, which are at risk for being died. Her activity more likely than not been acted in accordance with some basic honesty. She should not expect the job of an operator of need except if she can't speak with Betty to acquire new directions. Song couldn't have felt free to acknowledge key for the 12 BMW'S without getting new guidelines from Betty realizing very well she had altered her perspective and needed convertible BMWs at a similar cost. Thus she is at risk for tolerating keys to the vehicles without getting further directions from Betty. Betty is obligated to pay for the BMW'S since her own help (ditty) scared to the vender that he had acknowledged the great vehicles by tolerating the keys. Andrew has rights against Betty and he can sue Betty at the cost of the vehicle since the vehicle had been passed to Betty. He can likewise be qualified for keep up an activity for harms if the purchaser won't acknowledge the conveyance and pay for them. Harm is the evaluated misfortune legitimately and normally coming about because of the purchaser's break of agreement. The harms granted will be distinctive between the agreement and the cost when the products should have been acknowledged or in the event that no time was fixed for acknowledgment, at that point at the hour of the refusal to acknowledge. When Betty requested that Andrew gather his vehicles since she was not going to get them, Andrew diminished $ 1,000 on money vehicle. Considered is important not for making the agreements, yet additionally for their release for instance, a consent to acknowledge the littler whole in full good of a huge obligation isn't restricting in light of the fact that there is no thought and the gathering consenting to it path sue for the parity. It is in any case, conceivable to release a current

Study Of Initial Public Offerings In Saudi Arabia Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

This research focuses and does a relative comparison of initial public offerings (IPOs), their motivation and pricing within Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom (UK). It looks at their respective trading bourses or stock exchange markets and the process companies go through in order get publicly listed on these trading bourses and in an attempt to raise capital from the public. The paper also addresses the economic dimension of IPOs within the respective countries, and its impact on the companies that do decide to issue and go through an initial public offering (IPO). The overall approach used to accomplish the research involves a comparative study of initial public offering (IPO) processes, the motivation of going public for companies in both Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom, and the pricing structures for the initial public offering (IPO). Needed information or data involves a look at both countriesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ regulatory bodies, in this case the capital markets authority (CMA), from which much needed information on trading processes is be inferred from, as well as looked at. The use of questionnaires to top management of selected firms is used to give an insight into the motivations for private firms desiring to do an initial public offering (IPO). It becomes clear at the end of the study that the motivation for going public remains primarily the same across both countries, the only difference being within their regulatory bodies and requirements for doing so. CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION Background of the Study During the last two decades, initial public offerings (IPOs) have seen a dynamic expansion in markets around the world. A literature search indicated that substantial research has been done on this topic and it has attracted policy makersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ attention. In addition, the IPO market has proved to involve potential uncertainty and risk due to the large amount of money invested (Ritter, 2002). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Initial public offerings of stocks are the foremost important channel of new capital flow to young companiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Gregoriou, 2006). It is also defined by (Draho, 2004) as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“An IPO is the first time that the shares in a company are sold to public investors and subsequently traded on the stock marketà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Going public process is a stage when a company sells shares traded equity for the first time. For a private firm to enter the IPO, it needs an established business plan to indicate to stakeholders of the goals in which the firm will be working towards. Moreover, IPOs is a way to increase liquidity of the company that need for growth through the sale of companys owners shares to investors who believe that the company has a successful future. Going public process is preceded by the most vital process which is valuation and the principle behind this process is to justify the price of the shares which are offered to the public. Evaluation process is essential for the company to consider its value in comparison with other firms in the stock market. Moreover, it tells the company the highest price should be offered, and it will inform the buyer that the lowest price should be pay. The company should have a skilled team management, qualified accountants and underwriters to satisfy the requirements of going public and to identify the future aims and strategy after going public. (Stanley, 2005). Thereafter, other stage should take place known as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Due Diligenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? in order to ensure that th ere is no opportunity for uncertain information. This stage includes advertisements which taken out in newspapers must present the entire company prospectus. The going-public process will also include a group of banks and brokers, as mentioned, to establish a price per share and the proposal must be admitted to the official list by the listing authority in the issuing country. After this is accomplished, an underwriting period allows shareholders to sell their shares to the public at the issue price; this period varies from company to company depending on company goals. It is obvious that this procedure requires time and money however; it is worth if considering long term benefits (Geddes, 2003). With regard to motivations, this study will cover the most common to give a better understanding of the advantages. Several factors are considered by decision makers to encourage companies to go public, including the chance to increase shareholdersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ wealth by expanding o perations, to enhance the companiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ reputation and prestige, create better organization by attraction of employees. Going public promotes a firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s acquisition value and boosts customer confidence. In addition, an IPO is an easy way to finance a firm and to diversify its operations (Benton, 2005).Rousseau and Wachtel (2002) argued that the stock market provides a developed mechanism to improve the economy and raise growth rate due to liquidity exist to investors which can be used in new projects. However, financial factors are still the most important considerations in going public (Madura, 1998). IPOs are attractive and occur more regularly when other investment opportunities are not as attractive as these offerings, but as with any decision, going public has disadvantages as well as advantages. If a companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s shares are traded on the stock market, it will lead to a change in ownership structure as well as a loss of control by p rincipals; therefore, the decision making will be shared(Albarak,2005) Regarding an IPO in Saudi Arabia, transformation of enterprises companies in the kingdom to the join -stock ones is not a new experience, but the number of joint- stock companies was very little.In 1984, a decision was decree to start trading shares through local banks. In the same year, it was formation of a ministerial committee to oversee the market. Saudi Monetary Agency took over control and supervision of the market operations in 1985. 1990 it was the year of introducing the first electronic system for trading shares in Saudi Arabia. In 2001, was launched (Tadawel) trading system, add modern techniques and characteristics to keep pace with developments in the world. Financial market environment has been developed; rules and the issuance of new regulations were established. As a result of these developments Capital Market Authority was established in 2003 according to the latest standards and foundations. The combination of stock market and oil prices, has given a strong boost to the Saudi market. CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction This chapter tends to expound on the comparison between the initial public offering (IPO) process, pricing, and the IPO implication to firms in Saudi Arabia and in the United Kingdom (UK). Several researches have been undertaken throughout the world, discussing IPO processes and its impacts on economies and businesses. Most of these previous researches have been pursued by considering a specific country; have but lacked effective comparisons with other economies. In this study, the extra mile is achieved by selecting two entirely different economies, in terms of IPO processes and financial regulations. Discussion on early researches have been made along with the effective exploration and comparison of the existing IPO process, its implications and pricing issuesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ considering Saudi Arabian and UK economy. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Initial public offerings of stocks are the foremost important channel of new capital flow to young companiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Gregoriou, 2006). It is also defined by (Draho, 2004) as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the first time that the shares in a company are sold to public investors and subsequently traded on the stock marketà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. The going public process is a stage in which a company sells shares to the general public and traded as equity on a trading bourse for the first time. For a private firm to enter the IPO, it needs an established business plan to indicate to stakeholders of the goals in which the firm will be working towards. Moreover, IPOs are a way to increase liquidity of the company that need for growth through the sale of companys owners shares to investors who believe that the company has a successful future. 2.2 Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) When a private company undertakes to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“go publicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? via divestment of its private equity or stock, it is said to be getting into an initial public offering (IPO). The two main reasons most firms go public include acquisition of additional capital to finance growth or the raising of finances to pay off debt. Since initial public offerings (IPOs) denote the public trading of a firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s shares, it has long been documented by various literatures that many first-day trading is usually abnormal. Huge price gains are the norm in IPOs between the offer price and the closing price by the end of trading on day one. This difference in the gain in prices is rarely justifiable since the main aim of IPOs is to raise money for the company, yet as seen, money is left on the table in most instances that the company could have gained from. Academic scholars and financial experts continue to research and look into this anomaly that has continued to baffle the ind ustry (Ritter Welch, 2002). 2.2.1 The IPO Process in Many Countries For many countries globally, the steps of going public are pretty much the same. The regulatory body in each country is usually the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), whose main role becomes a security agent in the prevention of fraud and in the protection of investor interest. Most IPOs begin with the selection of the investment bank(s) who serve as the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s underwriters. As an underwriter, the bank purchases shares from the company and sells them to the general public on behalf of the company. Due to the legal complexity IPOs can impose, attorneys are used to aid through the entire setup process. In certain instances, some firms opt to sell their shares directly to the public, but this is seldom the case. Registration statements are then prepared and submitted to the SEC. The statement contains reports of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s fiscal health as well as the business plan during and after the IPO. Since the SEC is the regulatory body, it s cans these statements and carries out its due diligence on the bank to ensure that it is in compliance with all rules and regulations needed to carry out an IPO. After finalizing with registration statements and while still waiting for SEC approval, a company needs to prepare what is known as a preliminary à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“red herringà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? prospectus. This is prepared with aid from the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s underwriters. The prospectus details the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial records, plans for the future, as well as specifications of what the price for the floated shares will be. This prospectus is primarily used by potential investors seeking more detailed information on a firm prior to buying shares and has a legal warning preceding the IPO as it awaits SEC approval. Completion of the prospectus gives way to a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“roadshowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? in which both underwriters and company officials visit various trading hubs within the country and promote the IP O. In other countries, this information is given to the public via gazette notices, broadcast announcements and distribution of prospectuses. The aim of this is to give potential investors as much information as possible regarding the company and attain feedback in relation to what potential investors feel about the whole process. Once the SEC has gone through the prospectus and given information and is satisfied all regulations and requirements have been heeded, it gives a nod for the proceeding of the IPO. Amendments are made by the company if the SEC still needs corrections to be made prior to their approval. In countries which have more than one stock exchange, the company must choose the exchange where its intended floated shares are to be sold and listed against. Arguably the most complex of all decisions in an IPO process is the decision on the price the floated shares will be sold at and how many of the same should be issued to the public. This is done with consultatio n with the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s underwriters. The underwriters buy huge stakes of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s shares for sale to the market. Huge investors are also at times given the privilege to buy the same shares a day prior to listing the shares on the stock market. In countries like the US where the general public gets to buy shares in the secondary market and in which the company does not really gain from the sale at this point, the IPO process concludes for the company after underwriters and huge investors have bought the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s shares. In other countries, the general public is permitted to acquire shares from the primary market directly through stock brokers who deal directly for the company. 2.2.2 Initial Public Offering (IPO) Pricing and key Influencers/Players Traditionally, the IPO pricing was done by agreeing upon and fixing an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“issue priceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? based on the capital they were trying to raise. This price was agreed upon by the company and the merchant banker. The general public was simply left with the obligation of looking at the price offered and deciding whether or not they would fill in an application form at the given price and subscribe to the issue. Researchers worldwide have arguably revealed that this method is the single largest reason for IPO under pricing (Stanley, 2005). Many IPOs are known to under price the value of a companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s shares by as much as fifty percent. Said and done, neither the company nor the investment banker really ever knows the real price of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s shares. Ironically, the answer to how much a share should be sold for falls at the discretion of the buyers since they are the ones who predetermine at the open of trading how much they are willing to pay for a share of stock. This is what can be described as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the hallmark of a healthy IPO marketà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Shah, 1999). While this is not a realistically possible way to determine what price to sell the stock at, the underwriter looks at elements such as the value of the firm and compare it with that of similar firms, how much capital is needed from the IPO, conducts preliminary research to find out how receptive the market may be, and finally, sets upon the final decision on the price that should be floated to the general public for sale. Easy at it sounds, setting the IPO price is a very delicate and sensitive procedure that takes the effort of many stakeholders and combined calculations from accountants (Draho, 2004). Undeniably, the most important player during the IPO process is the underwriter. The underwriter in many instances is also the investment banker and his primary importance becomes that he has the appropriate distribution channels and contacts necessary for the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s shares. The underwriter also assists in determining the price of the IPO and creating enthusiasm for its listing (Geddes, 2003). The other key players include those involved in the IPO process like the SEC who are in charge of ensuring correct practices are adhered to, and last but not least the private equity company itself. The latter is extremely vital in the process as they have all insider information of the newly-to-be-listed company and any action from them can trigger a response within the trading bourse at the stock exchange. 2.3 Initial Public Offering (IPO) Process in Saudi Arabia In comparison with other developed stock exchange markets, the Saudi Stock Market (SSM) is much newer and classified as an emerging market within the Middle East and North African region. According to Al-Barrak (2005, p.32), there is no explicit list of documented IPO cases in Saudi Arabia and of all the listed companies on the SSM, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“just ten IPO cases occurred in Saudi Arabia from 1988 until 2004à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. In Saudi Arabia, companies, by law adopt the book-building process to go public. CMA handles all the application process and takes the decision on whether a company can go public or not. Eighty-five investment companies in Saudi Arabia took part in the book building process in 2009. According to the CMA, fraudulent activities can be handled beforehand, and this process ensures transparency, fairness, and equality in the system (Capital Market Authority (CMA), 2009, p 29). Oil revenues have provided great liquidity in the process of introducing new IPOs in Sa udi Arabia. Investment banking in Saudi Arabia was still in its infancy until 2004, and very few firms had gone through an IPO (Al-Barrak, 2005). 2.3.1 Capital Markets Authority (CMA) Evaluation of IPOs The CMA binds firms and makes those requesting to have an IPO or seeking permission to get involved in other investment activities adhere and meet all legal, operational and financial regulations. In the process, companies are required to convince the CMA that the financial activity the company intends to get into or start is proper. Firms are also supposed to provide the evidence of all required financial and managerial expertise for any said financial undertaking (Ritter, 2002). 2.3.2 Future Developments Improvements are underway in the IPO and financial regulation process. Many private and family-owned businesses are thinking of going public due to the provision of an exit route through IPO. Regulations regarding any take-over by a company have also been laid out in an attempt to avoid hostile takeovers, and in ensuring fairness and transparency in the process. Other encouraging steps taken by the CMA have been in the defining and writing down of the listing rules, information and disclosures investors can get. These regulations, though not a quantum leap toward an ideal financial market, certainly boosted investorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ morale. Investors showed confidence, and Saudi Telecom experienced over 900,000 subscribers. Al-Hilad performance was amazing as the bank raised SR9 million of excess capital in 2005  [i]  . 2.4 Initial Public Offering (IPO) Process in the United Kingdom (UK) Within the United Kingdom (UK), there has been only one IPO between 1980 and 2003. The reason for this slow pace was deepened in the poor regulatory frameworks, and dual processes for having a conversion from a Limited Liability Company to publicly listing one. A strong regulatory framework could act as an incentive to the merger or listing, but such benefits have not been found within the UK in the IPO process (Ritter Welch, 2002). 2.4.1 Due Diligence To make sure that the company going public meets all necessary requirements, it is required by UK law that the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s accountants and legal advisors provide a comprehensive written report after reviewing the company from a complete legal, financial, and commercial perspective. In some cases like real estate where valuation matters a lot, the concerned investment banks are also required to submit a detailed due diligence report about valuation (Draho, 2004). 2.4.2 Pre-Initial Public Offering (IPO) Research Prior to starting any IPO promotion activity, the investment bankà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s research analyst is responsible to make a research note on the company. This research note is issued two days prior to the IPO launch. Pre IPO law helps to educate and protect investors by providing the impartial review of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s valuation. The research analyst provides the financial projections with their own perspective about company; which illustrated an element of impartiality in the entire process. This research also becomes a marketing tool and automatically sets market expectations regarding the company. The research note is written in light of the available companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s data (Rousseau Wachtel, 2000). 2.4.3. Investor Presentation of IPO After completing all the pre-IPO requirements, presentations are used by management to promote the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s IPO. This process continues until three weeks prior of the listing. The sales team of the involved investment bank provides all the information needed by investors, and follows up the potential buyers. As investors have the option of submitting orders with their prices, the receiving or investment bank gets an idea about average price of a share that investors are willing and able to pay. While choosing the investors, companies prefer institutional investors due to long-term commitment they show. This is contrary to hedge funds which can affect a share price for short-term gains (Draho, 2004). 2.4.4 Disclosure Document The preparation of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s prospectus is highly important for an advisor, as it can be used as a marketing tool to attract investors and for meeting the disclosure requirements of AMI and the prospectus rules for the listing companies. 2.4.5 Underwriting Agreement Within the underwriting agreement, two types of negotiations are involved: The first is between a company, its shareholders, and its respective legal advisors. The second is between an investment bank and its legal advisors. Involvement of a private equity investor is highly desired in the process (Benton, 2005). 2.4.6 Post Initial Public Offering (IPO) Requirement After a company registered as a listed company, both the investors and the board must follow the UK law, and operate the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s affairs within the stipulated UK regulatory regime. Adherence according to the financial services and market act of 2000 stipulates that insider trading laws, disclosure, and transparency rules must be ensured, as well. 2.5 Saudi Arabia and United Kingdom (UK) IPO Process Comparison .

Conjugation Table for the Italian Verb Cominciare

Conflicts Of Intimate Relationships Subsist Inevitable

Conflicts in intimate relationships subsist inevitable. Despite the degree to which individuals stand alike, differences in opinions and beliefs will transpire. This chapter taught me that it does not stand as the topic of disagreement that retains importance, but rather the way in which the couple resolves the conflict. According the text, six steps exist to aid in conflict resolution; â€Å"The steps are: (1) clarifying the issue; (2) finding out what each person wants; (3) identifying various alternatives; (4) deciding how to negotiate; (5) solidifying agreements; and (6) reviewing and renegotiating† (Olson, DeFrain, Skogrand, 2014, p. 154). Upon reading the descriptions and facts, I find these six steps to rest highly effective and imperative to conflict resolution. When a disagreement emerges, couples tend to play the blame game, ignore their parent’s perspective, and explore for a quick solution. While it stands evident that these behaviors do not persist effecti ve, these six steps provide a solution. Although I do find these six steps to exist accurate, I cannot guarantee how realistic they stand. Just as any other process, to remain realistic, the steps require two individuals who value their relationships and desire its continuation. This process requires individuals to not only voice their opinion, but also to clarify, identify, and negotiate this issue at hand. These steps will not occur with ease or speed, but they will sanction for the complete resolution ofShow MoreRelatedHAMLET AND ORESTES10421 Words   |  42 Pagesin his idealized and half-mystic treatment of with dirt and ashes, grinning and the real Fool, should also have made his greatest tragic hero out Let us spend a few moments on noticing the remains of the old Fool characteristics that subsist in the of a Fool transfigured. transfigured hero of the tragedies. For one thing, as has often been remarked, Hamlet s actual language is at times exactly that of the regular Shakespearian Fool: e.g. with Polonius in II. 2; just beforeRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 Pagesarticles. As the title indicates, the articles included in this volume have been selected exclusively from the author s writings on cinematographic problems.* Since this is, therefore, a collection, I have not tried to eliminate or disguise the few inevitable repetitions. Similarly, I have not allowed myself to excise or replace passages that, as a result of the lapse in time between their original publication and the printing of this volume, have become obsolete and no longer correspond to the present

Merchant of Venice The Relationship between Essay Example For Students

Merchant of Venice: The Relationship between Essay Antonio and BassanioAntonio, the protagonist of the story, is extremely good friends with Bassanio. I have come up on a hypothesis that Antonio is gay and Bassanio is a bisexual. Antonio seems to like Bassanio in a romantic way. Antonio is a male. Bassanio is a male. Bassanio likes Antonio in a romantic way and also loves Portia, a female. Also, there is another pair who I am suspicious about. They are Salanio and Salerio. The reason is that they are always together, just like siamese twins. When Salanio comes, Salerio comes. When Salerio goes, Salanio goes. Here is a famous quote by Shakespeare, The love that dares not speak its name. In the play, there are many places where Antonio expresses love for Bassanio; for example, love the world for Bassanio and also great affection for Bassanio. This certainly appeals to me that Antonio likes Bassanio as more than just a friend. Great affection means you love, adore, or even worship someone. Antonio therefore adores Bassanio. Another thing that makes me wonder is where Salerio and Salanio come and go? They are always together. Unless they are living together, this is a mystery. But lets say they are living together. A male and a male doing the same things and living together? I conclude that Antonio is gay because he loves and adores Bassanio, Bassanio is bisexual because he loves both Antonio and Portia. But this is not the end. Think about these: In the masquerade, Jessica went as a boy. She likes to dress up as boys; Nerissa likes Portia in a romantic way. I will not go into these subjects because the essay would be too long.